BOSS Imaging Cosmology Press Release

David Kirkby (UC Irvine) provided a nice visualization of the 900,000 galaxies that were used to measure structure in the Universe to teach us more about the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and neutrinos in the Universe:

For more details see the press releases at:

SEGUE-2 Press Release

APOGEE Press Release

which include the following figures highlighting the results:

The above figure highlights the measurements of the metal content of stars in the disk of our Galaxy, using stars observed by SDSS-III’s SEGUE-2 survey. Horizontal lines describe where SEGUE data measure the chemical composition of stars near and above the plane of the disk. The bottom panel shows the decrease in metal content as the distance from the Galactic center increases for stars near the plane of the Milky Way disk. In contrast, the metal content for stars far above the plane, shown in the upper panel, is nearly constant at all distances from the center of the Galaxy. The image of the Milky Way is from the Two-Micron All Sky Survey. Figure Credit: Judy Cheng and Connie Rockosi (University of California, Santa Cruz) and the 2MASS Survey.

In a recent paper, BOSS scientists from the University of Wisconsin, the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Johns Hopkins University, along with other members of the SDSS-III team, studied the masses and ages of around 300,000 massive galaxies at redshifts ranging from 0.45 to 0.7, corresponding to a time when the Universe was 60 percent of its present age of 13.7 billion years. These galaxies all have stellar masses larger than 100 billion times that mass of our Sun (10^11 Msun), making this the largest sample of massive galaxies with spectra to have been analyzed thus far.

“Evolution of the Most Massive Galaxies to z=0.6: I. A New Method for Physical Parameter Estimation”
Yan-Mei Chen et al.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4719

The above figure from the paper shows the fraction of galaxies with recent star formation as a function of galaxy mass. The solid red,black and blue lines show the fraction of galaxies that have formed more than 5, 10, and 15% of their stars in the last billion years as a function of stellar mass. These results are for galaxies with median redshift z=0.1 in the SDSS low-redshift MAIN sample. The dashed red,black and blue lines show the same thing for galaxies with median redshift z=0.5 in the BOSS sample. Note the flattening and potential increase in the star formation rate for the most massive galaxies at z=0.5.

Massive galaxies are thought to represent the end-point of galaxy evolution. Small galaxies form first and then merge to create larger galaxies. Each merger should trigger a burst of star formation. At the present day the most massive galaxies we see around us are no longer forming new stars, which has been somewhat surprising because there are still galaxies merging today. But by looking back 5 billion years, BOSS astronomers were able to see massive galaxies still assembling and forming new stars.

This suppression of star formation in massive galaxies seen at the present day has been postulated to be due to several different exotic mechanisms that heat the gas and prevent it from forming stars. Examples range from giant explosions powered by material accreting onto central black holes of a billion or more solar masses, to megaparsec-scale jets of charged particles traveling at relativistic speeds, which penetrate and heat the gas surrounding the galaxies. The new results from SDSS-III indicate that these exotic mechanisms may have a much harder time stopping star formation in massive galaxies at higher redshifts.

The new technique and the unprecedentedly large galaxy sample, allowed the team to conclude that the fraction of the most massive galaxies with young stars has decreased by a factor of 10 over the last 4 billion years (see Figure) of the 13.7-billion year lifetime of the Universe. At redshift 0.5 (8-9 billion years after the Big Bang), more than 10% of all galaxies with stellar masses of around 200 billion solar masses have experienced a significant recent episode of star formation. These results are at odds with previous claims that the stars in massive galaxies all formed only 2-3 billion years after the Big Bang. The results are also exciting, because next generation X-ray satellites will be able to detect the gas as it cools and forms stars in these massive galaxies and next generation radio surveys will track how energetic particles propelled by black holes deposit their energy into this gas. Current speculation about exotic mechanisms will then be transformed into hard science.

Written by Guinevere Kauffmann
Edited by Michael Wood-Vasey

The paper submitted to Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society is available at:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4719
And more details can be found at:
http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/mpa/research/current_research/hl2012-1/hl2012-1-en.html

A team of SDSS-III astronomers led by Sergey Koposov and Vasily Belokurov of the University of Cambridge recently discovered two streams of stars in the Southern Galactic hemisphere that were torn off the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. This discovery came from analyzing data from the latest Data Release 8 from SDSS-III and was announced in a paper just released as (arXiv paper #1111.7042) that connects these new streams with two previously known streams in the Northern Galactic hemisphere. There is evidence that the brighter stream boasts stars with more heavy elements such as iron, while the fainter stream appears to be older.

(Image Credit: Sergey Koposov) The image above shows a map of the sky showing the numbers of stars counted in the Sagittarius streams. The colors indicate the distances to the stars identified in the study – stars located in red areas are further away, while stars in the blue areas are closer. The dotted red lines trace out the Sagittarius streams, and the blue ellipses in the center show the current location of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy.

(Image Credit: Amanda Smith) The artist’s illustration above shows the four tails of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy (the red-orange clump on the left of the image) orbiting the Milky Way. The bright yellow circle to the right of the galaxy’s center represents our Sun (not to scale). The Sagittarius dwarf galaxy is on the other side of the galaxy from us, but we can see its tidal tails of stars (white in this image) stretching across the sky as they wrap around our galaxy.

For more details see the full press release at http://www.sdss3.org/press/20111130.fourtails.php

The first image, courtesy of Kyle Dawson (Utah), shows the BOSS coverage on the sky (right ascension and declination) of the current survey (red). The planned total coverage is shown in grey, and we’ve already drilled the plates for all of the tiles in blue.

The second image, courtesy of Michael Blanton (NYU), shows the redshift and right ascension coverage of the BOSS survey to date. While there are many more galaxies in the Universe beyond a redshift of 0.7, BOSS is focusing on galaxies between now and 6.5 billion years ago (redshift of 0.7, shown in white) when dark energy was just starting to have a noticeable effect. The red and yellow dots are the galaxies from the previous SDSS I/II surveys and show by contrast how much more of the Universe SDSS-III BOSS is exploring. The BOSS quasars, shown in cyan, probe the Universe out to 11.5 billion years ago to study the formation of black holes in the early Universe while also using their powerful light to explore the intervening material between those distant quasars and us. BOSS is aiming to obtain quasars between redshifts of 2 and 3 but is also taking repeat observations of lower-redshift quasars from SDSS I/II to study variability of these mysterious objects powered by massive black holes at the centers of galaxies.

The astronomers kindly paused in their contemplations to pose for the group picture above (photo credit: Keren Fedida).

http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-10/amazing-databases-sloan-digital-sky-survey-database

and shows how much our view of the Universe has changed in the last 60 years due to the data from SDSS and other large-scale astronomical surveys:

http://www.popsci.com/content/visible-universe-then-and-now

http://watch.discoverychannel.ca/#clip525876
The APOGEE story starts at the 2:15 minute mark.

To astronomical accuracy, that’s about one paper per day since the telescope saw first light in 1998 . These papers have been cited over 150,000 times (154,997, to be precise). The York et al. (2000) technical paper describing the SDSS has over 3000 citations itself.

The h-index of the survey is 159: that is, there are 159 papers with 159 or more citations (and 316 papers with more than 100 citations). The g-index is 288; i.e., the average number of citations of the 288 most cited papers is 288. Thus far in 2011, there are 486 papers published, and the year is not even complete.

To compare with some other major facilities:

* IRAS (launched in 1983) has 5822 papers, 187,377 citations, and h=158

* WMAP (launched in 2001) has 1855 papers, 93,097 citations, and h=123

* HST (launched in 1990) has 9460 papers, 329,920 citations, and h=190

Here is the ADS query that were used for the SDSS statistics

These queries are not exact; there are no doubt important papers that are missed, and some other papers that are included that are not really proper matches; for example, one of the most highly cited “SDSS” papers is the Becker et al. (1995) paper, describing the FIRST survey, which only makes reference to the SDSS footprint on the sky.

A new movie created by David Kirkby (UC Irvine) shows the three-dimensional distribution of the Lyman-alpha “forest” (in blue) that appears in front of each of the 70,000 high-redshift quasars (yellow) in the preliminary BOSS DR9 sample. Only that portion of the forest where Lyman-alpha absorption is visible to the BOSS spectrograph is shown. Transparent spheres at redshifts of 2, 3 and 4 set the radial scale. Some of the gaps in the DR9 coverage will be filled in over the final years of the BOSS survey. The DR9 Lyman-alpha sample consists of about 32 million “pixels” of co-added spectral data, and almost 100 billion pixel pairs with 3D separations less than 200 Megaparsecs. The large volume sampled in DR9 offers an unprecedented map of the cosmological distribution of matter during an important earlier epoch in the interplay between dark matter and dark energy.

We show a frame of the movie here but you can get the movie at http://darkmatter.ps.uci.edu/lya-dr9/

In SDSS images, BOSS galaxies, which are on average about 6 billion light years away, just looks like fuzzy red blobs. The goal of BOSS is to observe 1.5 million of them over 30% of the sky in order to map the large scale structure in great detail. For this study, they took a look at a tiny subset of 230 of them which have deeper HST images (which were taken as part of the COSMOS project – the largest area HST survey every yet done).

The study found that 75% of BOSS galaxies are massive ellipticals, but that a surprisingly high fraction (20%) of these are split into multiple components in the HST images. The remaining 25% of BOSS galaxies are massive spirals.

The image below shows an example of one of the spirals and one of the ellipticals shown in both the SDSS and HST image.

As well as the paper, you can look at a poster about this work which was presented both at the AAS in Boston in May, and also at the recent Galaxy Formation conference in Durham

Finally if you want to browse all the images yourself they are available at www.icg.port.ac.uk/~mastersk/BOSSmorphologies/

Photo taken by Steve Majewski

The APOGEE team below in the SDSS telescope control room during the first light observations in May 2011.